📘 DATA ANALYTICS SERIES · CHAPTER 61

Data Analytics for Digital Marketing — India 2026

Key metrics (CAC, ROAS, LTV, CTR), marketing attribution models, funnel and cohort analysis, Google Analytics 4 basics, SQL for campaign data, and how to build a marketing performance dashboard in Power BI — for Indian data analysts working with growth and marketing teams.

⏱ 18 min read📅 September 2026📍 India

Why Marketing Analytics Is a Key Domain for Indian Analysts

India's digital advertising market crossed ₹35,000 crore in 2025 and continues to grow at 15–20% annually. E-commerce, edtech, fintech, and D2C brands collectively run thousands of campaigns simultaneously across Meta, Google, OTT platforms, and influencer channels. Every rupee spent needs to be tracked, attributed, and optimised.

Data analysts who understand marketing metrics and can connect ad spend data to revenue outcomes are in high demand across Indian startups and growth-stage companies in Gurugram, Noida, Bengaluru, and Mumbai.

Core Marketing Metrics Every Analyst Must Know

MetricFormulaGood benchmark (India)What it tells you
CACTotal spend / New customersLTV / 3 or betterHow much you pay to acquire one customer — by channel
ROASRevenue from ads / Ad spend3× or higherHow much revenue each rupee of ad spend generates
LTVARPU / Monthly churn rateDepends on businessTotal value of a customer over their lifetime
CTRClicks / Impressions × 1001–3% (display); 3–8% (search)How compelling your ad creative or copy is
CVRConversions / Sessions × 1001–4% (e-commerce India)How well your landing page turns visitors into buyers
CPAAd spend / ConversionsBelow your LTV / 3Cost to get one conversion (purchase, signup, install)
Bounce RateSingle-page sessions / Total sessionsBelow 60%How relevant the landing page is to ad audiences
ROMI(Revenue − Cost) / Cost × 100Above 100% to be profitableTotal return on marketing investment

Marketing Attribution Models — Which to Use and When

Attribution answers: "which marketing touchpoints deserve credit for this conversion?" The model you choose changes how you allocate budget — which is why marketing managers and analysts often disagree.

Model
First-touch
How it assigns credit
100% to first interaction
Use when
Awareness measurement — understand which channels introduce your brand to new customers first
Limitation
Ignores the entire purchase journey; inflates top-of-funnel channel value
Model
Last-touch
How it assigns credit
100% to last interaction before conversion
Use when
Simple, easy to explain to non-analysts; good for direct response campaigns with short sales cycles
Limitation
Ignores brand-building and mid-funnel channels; overvalues retargeting and branded search
Model
Linear
How it assigns credit
Equal share to all touchpoints
Use when
Starting point when you have no data-driven model; acknowledges all channels contribute
Limitation
Treats a first-time brand awareness ad equally to a retargeting ad that closed the sale — often not realistic
Model
Time decay
How it assigns credit
More credit to touchpoints closer to conversion
Use when
Products with short consideration periods (FMCG, food delivery, impulse purchases)
Limitation
Undervalues awareness channels for products with longer consideration (insurance, high-value electronics)
Model
Data-driven (GA4)
How it assigns credit
Weighted by actual conversion contribution from ML model
Use when
When you have enough conversion data (GA4 recommends 400+ conversions/month minimum)
Limitation
Black box — hard to explain to stakeholders; requires sufficient data volume

Funnel Analysis — SQL Pattern for Indian E-Commerce

Funnel analysis measures drop-off at each step of the customer journey. For Indian e-commerce, the typical funnel is: Visit → Product View → Add to Cart → Checkout → Payment → Order Confirmed.

-- Marketing funnel analysis by acquisition channel
WITH funnel AS (
    SELECT
        user_id,
        acquisition_channel,
        MAX(CASE WHEN event_name = 'product_view'    THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS product_viewed,
        MAX(CASE WHEN event_name = 'add_to_cart'     THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS cart_added,
        MAX(CASE WHEN event_name = 'checkout_start'  THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS checkout_started,
        MAX(CASE WHEN event_name = 'payment_success' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS purchased
    FROM   events
    WHERE  event_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'
    GROUP  BY user_id, acquisition_channel
)
SELECT
    acquisition_channel,
    COUNT(*)                                              AS total_sessions,
    SUM(product_viewed)                                   AS product_views,
    SUM(cart_added)                                       AS cart_adds,
    SUM(checkout_started)                                 AS checkouts,
    SUM(purchased)                                        AS purchases,
    ROUND(100.0 * SUM(purchased) / COUNT(*), 2)           AS end_to_end_cvr_pct,
    ROUND(100.0 * SUM(cart_added) / NULLIF(SUM(product_viewed), 0), 1) AS view_to_cart_pct
FROM   funnel
GROUP  BY acquisition_channel
ORDER  BY purchases DESC;
What to look for: If Instagram-acquired users have a 3× lower view-to-cart rate than Google Search users, your Instagram creative is driving curiosity not purchase intent — restructure the campaign to either retarget or adjust expectations. Funnel by channel exposes these mismatches instantly.

Cohort Analysis for Campaign Evaluation

Cohort analysis groups customers by when they were acquired and tracks their behaviour over time. Critical for evaluating whether different campaigns acquire customers who actually retain and repurchase.

-- 3-month retention cohort by acquisition month
WITH cohort_base AS (
    SELECT
        user_id,
        DATE_TRUNC('month', first_order_date)  AS cohort_month
    FROM customers
),
activity AS (
    SELECT
        o.user_id,
        DATE_TRUNC('month', o.order_date)      AS activity_month
    FROM orders o
)
SELECT
    cb.cohort_month,
    EXTRACT(MONTH FROM AGE(a.activity_month, cb.cohort_month)) AS months_since_first,
    COUNT(DISTINCT a.user_id)                                   AS active_users,
    COUNT(DISTINCT cb.user_id)                                  AS cohort_size,
    ROUND(100.0 * COUNT(DISTINCT a.user_id)
          / COUNT(DISTINCT cb.user_id), 1)                     AS retention_pct
FROM       cohort_base cb
LEFT JOIN  activity     a  ON cb.user_id = a.user_id
                          AND a.activity_month >= cb.cohort_month
GROUP BY   cb.cohort_month, months_since_first
ORDER BY   cb.cohort_month, months_since_first;

Marketing Dashboard in Power BI — What to Include

Executive Summary
Total revenue, total spend, blended ROAS, new customers, CAC — all as KPI cards with MoM trend arrows. One-line insight text at top.
Channel Performance
Bar chart: ROAS by channel. Scatter plot: spend vs conversions by channel. Line: daily spend trend with conversion overlay.
Funnel Analysis
Funnel visual showing drop-off at each step. Table: conversion rates by channel at each funnel stage. Slicer: date range, channel.
Cohort / Retention
Heatmap matrix: cohort month × months since acquisition → retention %. Line chart: D1/D7/D30 retention by acquisition channel.

India-Specific Marketing Analytics Considerations

📍 UPI vs card vs COD conversion rates differ significantly
COD orders have 20–40% higher return rates than prepaid orders in Indian e-commerce. Always segment conversion and return analysis by payment method.
📍 Metro vs Tier-2/3 city behaviour
CAC, CVR, and LTV differ substantially between metros (Delhi/Mumbai/Bengaluru) and Tier-2/3 cities (Lucknow, Indore, Surat). Blended metrics hide this — always cut data by city tier.
📍 Festival seasonality is dramatic in India
Dussehra, Diwali, and Big Billion Days create order volume spikes of 10–20× normal. Attribution models trained on non-festival data perform poorly during these windows. Flag festival periods explicitly in your time series.
📍 WhatsApp and Influencer are under-tracked
India has significant conversion driven by WhatsApp sharing and influencer recommendations that are not captured by standard web analytics. Survey-based "how did you hear about us?" data supplements attribution models.
📍 iOS privacy changes affect Meta attribution in India
Post iOS 14.5, Meta's reported conversions are modelled rather than directly tracked for iOS users. Cross-reference Meta reported conversions against actual orders in your database to calibrate the model accuracy.

Frequently Asked Questions

What metrics does a data analyst track for digital marketing in India?

Key marketing metrics for Indian analysts: CAC (Customer Acquisition Cost — total spend / new customers), ROAS (Return on Ad Spend — revenue from ads / ad spend), CTR (Click-Through Rate — clicks / impressions), CVR (Conversion Rate — conversions / sessions), LTV (Lifetime Value — ARPU / churn rate), CPA (Cost Per Acquisition — spend / conversions), Bounce Rate, and D1/D7/D30 Retention. For Indian e-commerce, also track: UPI vs card payment mix, COD return rate, and metro vs tier-2/3 city conversion differences.

What is marketing attribution and why does it matter?

Attribution assigns credit for a conversion to the marketing touchpoints in the customer journey. A customer might see a Facebook ad, then a Google search ad, then click an email link before buying. First-touch attribution gives 100% credit to Facebook. Last-touch gives 100% to email. Linear splits equally. Data-driven attribution (used in GA4) weights each touchpoint by actual conversion contribution. Getting attribution right determines where Indian brands should increase or cut marketing spend.

How is Google Analytics 4 different from Universal Analytics?

GA4 is event-based (every interaction is an "event") versus UA's session-based model. Key differences for analysts: GA4 uses BigQuery export for deep analysis; UA used Tableau or custom exports. GA4 tracks users across devices via User ID; UA tracked sessions per device. GA4 has built-in predictive metrics (purchase probability, churn probability); UA did not. GA4 retains raw data in BigQuery indefinitely; the GA4 UI only shows 14 months.

How do you calculate Customer Acquisition Cost for an Indian startup?

CAC = Total marketing and sales spend in a period / New customers acquired in the same period. For Indian startups: include all paid channels (Meta, Google, influencer, affiliate), exclude brand spend if it cannot be attributed to direct acquisition. A healthy CAC:LTV ratio is 1:3 or better — if LTV is ₹3,000, your CAC should ideally be under ₹1,000. Track CAC by channel to identify which channel acquires customers most efficiently.

What SQL skills do you need for marketing analytics?

Marketing analytics SQL requirements: JOINs (joining campaign spend tables to conversion tables), GROUP BY aggregations (CAC by channel by week), window functions for cohort analysis (retention curves), CTEs for multi-step funnel calculations, and date functions for weekly/monthly aggregations. The most common marketing analytics query pattern is: join ad spend data → join sessions data → join conversion data → calculate CAC and ROAS per channel per time period.

Learn Marketing Analytics as Part of a Full Analyst Programme

Evika Academy, Noida Sector 51, covers SQL, Python, and Power BI in the context of real Indian business data — including marketing analytics use cases.

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